Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the study participants (n = 2001)
Characteristic | No Retinopathy (N = 1300) | Retinopathy (N = 701) | Standardized Difference (95% CI) | P-value | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age(years) | 63.3 ± 11.8 | 65.4 ± 10.2 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 25.9 ± 3.4 | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.505 | 0.391 |
SBP(mmHg) | 133.7 ± 18.4 | 137.1 ± 19.3 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
DBP(mmHg) | 77.8 ± 11.1 | 77.7 ± 11.7 | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.831 | 0.606 |
AC(cm) | 77.1 ± 11.9 | 79.1 ± 9.6 | 0.2 (− 0.2, 0.5) | 0.309 | 0.532 |
Laboratory parameters | |||||
Cholesterol(mg/dL) | 186.5 ± 38.3 | 184.1 ± 39.3 | 0.1 (− 0.0, 0.2) | 0.184 | 0.06 |
Triglycerides(mg/dL) | 154.9 ± 136.2 | 155.0 ± 134.1 | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.995 | 0.394 |
LDL(mg/dL) | 104.8 ± 28.5 | 103.4 ± 28.4 | 0.1 (− 0.0, 0.1) | 0.284 | 0.218 |
HDL(mg/dL) | 50.1 ± 13.2 | 48.5 ± 12.7 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.007 | 0.008 |
Creatine(mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.4 ± 19.4 | 65.4 ± 19.8 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ABI | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0 (− 0.0, 0.1) | 0.346 | 0.915 |
Sex | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.565 | - | ||
Male | 748 (57.5%) | 394 (56.2%) | |||
Female | 552 (42.5%) | 307 (43.8%) | |||
ACR30 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | < 0.001 | - | ||
No | 911 (70.1%) | 392 (55.9%) | |||
Yes | 389 (29.9%) | 309 (44.1%) | |||
Stroke | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.004 | - | ||
No | 1249 (96.1%) | 653 (93.2%) | |||
Yes | 51 (3.9%) | 48 (6.8%) | |||
Ischaemic Heart Disease | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.009 | - | ||
No | 1102 (84.8%) | 562 (80.2%) | |||
Yes | 198 (15.2%) | 139 (19.8%) | |||
Medications | |||||
ACEI and/or ARB use (%) | 913 (70.6%) | 554 (79.1%) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | < 0.001 | |
β-blocker use (%) | 288 (22.3%) | 178 (25.4%) | 0.1 (− 0.0, 0.2) | < 0.001 | |
Calcium channel blocker use (%) | 446 (34.5%) | 335 (47.9%) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | < 0.001 | |
Diuretic use (%) | 547 (42.3%) | 370 (52.9%) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | < 0.001 |