Table 2 Effect measures of leukocyte ratio profiles and additional markers in the pooled meta-analysis

1

Abdullah, 2021 [15]

11.6 ± 3.25

no DR 6.8 ± 0.4; DR 8.13 ± 0.7

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2

Akdogan, 2016 [16]

15.8 ± 7.3

no DR 9.2 ± 2.6; DR 9.3 ± 2.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

3

Ciray, 2015 [21]

9.1 ± 6.5

no DR 8.7 ± 2.4; DR 9.7 ± 2.1

DR: 42.2 ± 797 No DR: 54.7 ± 115

DR 6.64 ± 6.01 no DR 4.78 ± 5.46

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

4

Dascalu AM, 2023 (a) [11]

 > 5 years

no DR 7.01 ± 0.972; NPDR 7.33 ± 1.59; PDR 7.25 ± 0.978

no DR: 0.865 ± 0.215; NPDR 0.97 ± 0.323; PDR 1.3 ± 1.03

N/A

2.01 (1.29–3.14)*

1.01 (1–1.02)*

N/A

N/A

5

Dascalu AM, 2023 (b) [10]

No DR 5.3 ± 2.4; NPDR 9.36 ± 3.3; PDR 11 ± 3.1

No DR 7.2 ± 1.1; NPDR 7.5 ± 1.8; PDR 8.2 ± 1.8

no DR 0.9 ± 0.3; NPDR 1 ± 0.5; PDR 1.3 ± 0.8

N/A

1.645 (1.189–2.275)*

1.662 (1.209–2.284)*

1.001 (1–1.003)*

6

Dogan, 2024 [22]

no DR 8.61 ± 4.22; NPDR 10.8 ± 3.13; PDR 12.8 ± 4.38

no DR 6.09 ± 2.99; NPDR 7.17 ± 2.63; PDR 7.65 ± 3.79

N/A

no DR 0.54 ± 0.38; NPDR 0.64 ± 0.29; PDR 0.86 ± 0.31

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

7

El-Tawab, 2023 [23]

N/A

no PDR 7.27 ± 1.28; PDR 8.46 ± 1.66;

N/A

N/A

3.312 (1.262–8.696)*

N/A

N/A

N/A

8

Fawwad, 2018 [24]

no DR 10.89 ± 7.38; DR 15.47 ± 8.47

no DR 9.14 ± 2.27; DR 9.71 ± 2.42

no DR 1.10 ± 0.65; DR 1.35 ± 0.99

N/A

1.766 (1.789–2.093)*

N/A

N/A

N/A

9

Gao Y, 2024 [25]

N/A

no DR 6.90 ± 0.19; NPDR 7.64 ± 1.18; PDR 7.73 ± 0.24

N/A

N/A

1.122 (0.200–2.043)*

0.038 (0.018–0.058)*

N/A

0.007 (0.001–0.01)*

10

He X, 2022 [26]

no DR 10.1 ± 4.9; DR 12.9 ± 3.0

no DR 7.4 ± 1.8; DR 7.9 ± 1.9

N/A

no DR 0.5 ± 0.7; DR 0.6 ± 0.8

1.076 (1.015, 1.142)*

N/A

N/A

N/A

11

Huang Q, 2021 [27]

N/A

N/A

N/A

control 2.26 ± 1.77

no DR 6.18 ± 4.39

DR 10.31 ± 6.64

N/A

N/A

5.302 (2.925–15.201)

N/A

12

Ilhan C, 2019 [28]

N/A

control 5.26 ± 0.44; NPDR 8.12 ± 1.09; PDR 8.32 ± 1.07

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

13

Ilhan C, 2020 [29]

PDR DME 8.25 ± 4.83; PDR non DME 6.58 ± 2.72

7.84 ± 0.87

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

14

Li J, 2024 [13]

9.32 ± 7.10

No DR 8.77 ± 2.67

DR 8.00 ± 2.00

No DR 0.646 ± 0.160 DR 0.982 ± 0.976

N/A

1.93 (1.10–3.40)*

1.47 (1.14–2.03)*

N/A

1.47 (1.14–2.03)*

15

Moursy, 2015 [32]

no DR 10.21 ± 5.74; DR 9.78 ± 7.40

DR 10.28 ± 2.50; no DR 8.62 ± 2.63

no DR 1.41 ± 0.30; DR 2.52 ± 1.21

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

16

Ozturk, 2013 [33]

no DR 6.15 ± 3.22

DR 8.44 ± 4.62;

no DR 9.28 ± 2.54; DR 9.93 ± 2.30

no DR 0.80 ± 0.62; DR 0.97 ± 0.88

no DR 25.72 ± 25.40; DR 15.26 ± 14.14

1.904 (1.170–3.100)*

N/A

N/A

N/A

17

Sari, 2021 [35]

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.765 (1,045–7,315)*

1 (1–1)

0,00 (0,00–1,49)

N/A

18

Tang Y, 2024 [36]

no DR 46.75 ± 32.41

DR 87.25 ± 43.17

no DR 7.50 ± 1.93; DR 8.10 ± 2.19

no DR 0.72 ± 0.18 DR 0.70 ± 0.20

N/A

1.292 (1.112–1.501)*

N/A

N/A

N/A

19

Ulu SM, 2013 [37]

7.33 ± 7.16

N/A

0.78 ± 0.31

no DR 0.82 ± 0.55; DR 2.59 ± 2.58

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

20

Wan H, 2020 [38]

10.75 ± 3.25

N/A†

N/A†

N/A†

DR 1.09 (0.82–1.45) NPDR (1.06 (0.80–1.42) PDR 0.94 (0.23–3.86)

N/A

N/A

N/A

21

Wang JR, 2020 [39]

no DR 66.16 ± 66.25; DR 122.86 ± 87.38 months

no DR 9.68 ± 2.66; DR 9.96 ± 2.45

no DR 0.78 ± 0.20; DR 0.95 ± 0.53

N/A

1.37 (1.06–1.78)*

1.05 (0.99- 1.11)

0.96 (0.82–1.13)

N/A

22

Wang RT, 2015 [40]

no DR 2.7 ± 1.7; DR 8.6 ± 1.7

no DR 6.9 ± 1.1; DR 7.7 ± 0.7

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

23

Wang S, 2023 [41]

DR 14,2.75 no DR 7, 2.93

no DR 8.46 ± 2.43; DR 8.81 ± 1.76

no DR: 0.72 ± 0.14 DR 0.72 ± 0.14

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.002 (1.000–1.004)*

24

Yeter DY, 2022 [44]

no DR 8.09 ± 1.9; DR 8.3 ± 1.7

N/A

N/A

4.004 (1.656–9.685)*

N/A

N/A

N/A

25

Yue Song, 2015 [45]

no DR 5.38 ± 3.02;

NPDR 10.44 ± 2.94

PDR 14.25 ± 3.94

no DR 7.33 ± 2.22; NPDR 8.33 ± 2.22; PDR 8.53 ± 1.93

No DR 60.00 ± 14.07

NPDR 58.75 ± 18.79

PDR 60.50 ± 24.44

N/A

NS

NS

54.574 (2.708–1099.907)*

N/A

26

Zeng J, 2022 [46]

No DR 2.00 ± 1.52;

NPDR 10.00 ± 2.25

PDR 11.50 ± 3.00

No DR 9.10 ± 0.88

NPDR 9.10 ± 0.95

PDR 10.30 ± 0.72

No DR 56.40 ± 4.99

NPDR 60.50 ± 6.14

PDR 60.45 ± 8.46

N/A

N/A

1.020 (1.010–1.029)*

NS

N/A

27

Zhang P, 2021 [47]

DR 14.41 ± 5.82; no DR 11.65 ± 5.50

no DR 7.10 ± 1.42; DR 8.00 ± 1.76

no DR 1.55 ± 0.94 DR 1.52 ± 0.90

N/A

1.132 (1.053–1.217)*

N/A

N/A

N/A